Qoraha

Eng. Badal Ahmed Hassan
BSc. Environmental Management and engineering
MSc. Agriculture Forestry, Major Tropical Forest ecology and Silviculture
Chairman of HAENDO Horn of Africa Environment and Nomadic Development Organisation.
Special interest Non-Timber Forest product, specially Frankincense, Myyrh and Gum Arabic (Boswellia, Commiphora and Acacia Senegal) for Povery Alleviation, and Dryland Rehabilitation.
Contact Email: Badal_Hassan@yahoo.com
Note: Waxaan aad usoo dhawaynayaa cidii wax soo jeedin ah kaqabta qormadan.
Waxaan kaloon aad usoo dhawaynayaa cidii ubaahan macluumaad dheeraad ah gaar ahaan Ururada kuhawlan arimaha deegaanka Geeska Africa, waxaan diyaar u,ahayn in aan kasiiyo wixii gacan ah ee ay iiga baahan yihiin.

ABAARAHA KATAAGAN GEESKA AFRICA IYO WAX YAABAHA KEENAY

Tusmada qormada (Table of Content)

Hordhac.
Shaxda 1aad: Tirada dadka iyo dhulka G.Africa.
Taariikhda Gobolka oo kooban.
Xasilooni darada hada jirta.
Abaaraha.
Maamul iyo maarayn xumida.
Biyo La,aanta.
Nabaad guurka.
Jarida Dhirta.
Xall (Solution)
Qorshaha Isticmaalka dhulka (Land-use planning)
Gabagabo (Conclusion)
Raad raac (References)
Su,aalaha lagawada munaaqashoon karo (Questions for Discussion)

ABAARAHA KATAAGAN GEESKA AFRICA IYO WAX YAABAHA KEENAY

Hordhac

Wadamada kuyaala waqooyiga bari ee qaarada Africa ama loo yaqaanoo wadamada Geeska Africa, waxay kakooban yihiin 7da wadan ee laysku yidhaahdo IGAD oo kala ah Djibouti, Eriteria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan iyo Uganda. Sida aan kasoo xigtay CIA World Fact Sheet ka, waxaa kunool geeska Africa qiyaas ahaan dad lagu cadaday 187.97 million oo qof, iyada oo tirada korodhka dadka uu yahay sanidkiiba 2.6 %. Geeska Africa Wuxuu kufadhiyaa dhul cabirkiisu dhan yahay 4,049,680 Km² taas ooy macnaheedu tahay in 22 Km² ba ay kunool yihiin dad cadadkoodu dhanyahay 1000 qofood hasayeeshee xaqiiqdu sidaas way kaduwan tahay waayo dhulka intiisa badan ma,aha meel dhamaystikarta nolosha dadka, sidaa darteed dadku caadiyan xay kunool yihiin dhul aad yar gudihii. Waxaa taas garab socota iyada oo dhulka kuhaboon beerashada uu dhan yahay oo qudha 7.2 % taas oo udhiganta 290352.4 Km². Anigoo kasoo dhiraan dhiriyay qiyaasta korodhka dadka ayaan ku ogaan karaa in ay tirada dadku ay laban laabi karto mudo kusiman 27 sano gudahood, taasi macnaheedu waxaa weeye sanadka 2032da tirada dadka kunool G. Africa waxay noqon doonaan 375.94 million oo ruux.

Shaxda 1aad: Tirada dadka iyo dhulka G.Africa

W.G.A.[1]	Population	Annual Growth rate	Land area (Km²)	Arable land %	Arable land %
Djibouti	476703	2.06%	22,980	0.04	0.04
Eritrea	4561599	2.51%	121,320	4.95	4.95
Ethiopia	73053286	2.36%	119,683	10.71	10.71
Kenya	33829590	2.56%	582,650	8.08	8.08
Somalia	8591629	3.38%	627,337	1.67	1.67
Sudan	40187486	2.60%	2,376,000	6.83	6.83
Uganda	27269482	3.31%	199,710	25.88	25.88
Total	187969775		4,049,680

Xigashoda macluumadka: CIA World Fact Sheet

Taariikhda Gobolka oo kooban.

Gobolka Geeska Africa laga soo bilaabo dhamaadkii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, ilaa iyo maanta wuxuu kujiray xaalad xasilooni dara ah oo kadhashay intooda badan iskuu dhacyo siyaasadeed oo udhaxeeya wadamada dariska ah ama shucuubta kalagadisan ee Africaanka ah ee kuhoos nool wadamadaas. Israac raacinta qoomiyadaha Geeska Africa ayaa intooda badan kadhashay kala qaybintii Africa ee ay sameeyeen gumaysigii reer Yurub. Colaadaha joogtada ah iyo xasilooni la,aanta siyaasadeed ee qaarada Africa guud ahaan gaar ahaan G.Africa ayaa wuxuu sababay dhibaatooyin fara badan oo isu jira dad, duunyo, duurjoog iyo deegaanka intiisa kalaba. Dagaaladii sokeeye ee kasocday dalka Sudan marka laysku daro kii 1aad iyo 2aad ayaa waxaa kunaf wayday tiro aad ubadan oo dad ah inkaloo badana way kubara kaceen, qaybtii 1aad ee dagaaladii sokeeye ee Sudan oo biloowaday 1955-1972 di oo qudha ayaa waxaa kudhimatay 500,000 oo ruux (http://www.globalsecurity.org). Malaayiin qofna way kubara kacday. Sidoo kale dagaalkii OGADEN WAR 1977-78 ayaa isigana waxaa kudhintay kumanaann ruux, tiro lagu qoyaaso 600,000 ilaa iyo 800,000 na way kubara kacday, dagaaladii Eritrea iyo Tigrey ee ladagaalankii Mingistu ayaa iyagana keenay dhimasho iyo barakac badan, dagaalkii xoriyad raadinta Jabuuti ayaa isagana dhibkiisa lahaa.

Xasilooni darada hada jirta

Jabhadihii kusalays naa jilibyada Somalida sida SSDF, SNM, USC, SPM etc ee hubka iyo saanada kala yimid Ethiopia oo Somalia ay kadhaxaysay colaad soojireen ah ayaa keenay ugu dambayntii in ay burburto dawladii Somalia, taas oo keentay 15 sano oo dawlad la,aan ah iyo dagaal sokeeye oo daba dheeraaday oo keenay dhimasho, barakac iyo burbur deegaan oo ay adag tahay sida looga soo kabto. Sidoo kale xukun isbadalkii kadhacay Ethiopia ayaan isna soo kordhinin wax sidaas usii wayn marka laga hadlayo Itoobiya gudaheeda, gobolka ay Somalidu dagto ee Ogaden ayaa ay wali waxaa kascoda dhaqdhaqaaq hubaysan oo lagaga soohorjeedo xukunka Adisababa, ooy ay hormuud katahay Jabhada ONLF. Sidoo kale inkasta oo ay xoriyad qaadatay hadana dhibaatada xuduudeed ee udhaxaysa Itoobiya iyo Eritrea ayaa wuxuu keenay dhimasho kor udhaaftay 70,000 oo ruux walina lagayaabo in uu dib ubiloowdo markale. Xaalada Darfuur ayaa iyana ah mid uu caalamku kawal wal qabo.

Abaaraha

Abaaraha kataagan Guud ahaan Africa gaar ahaan Geeska Africa waxaad moodaa in ay yihiin kuwo soo noq noqanayay 20 kii sano ee ugu dambaysay iyaga oo aad usoo kordhayay sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, ood moodo in ay udhacayeen si kabadan waayadii hore. Hadaba guud ahaan musiibooyinka kadhaca caalamka oo ay abaartu kamid tahay waxaa keena laba arimood:

Mid ay keenaan Bani,aadamku (Human Induced Disaster) iyo
Mid dabiici ah ama Rabaani ah (Natural Disaster).

Hadaba markaad eegto musiibada abaareed ee kataagan Geeska Africa waxaa la odhan karaa inteed badan waxaa keenay aadamaha, oo qudhooda usii kala saari doono mid ay keentay Maamul iyo maarayn xumo iyo mid kadhalatay ficilada tooska ah ee ay shacabku samaynayaan, waxaana odhan karaa cimiladu waxay kuleedahay qayb aad uga yar tan ay aadumuhu keeneen. Farshxan kan hoose ayaan kukala qaybiyay meelaha ay dhibaatooyinku kala yimaadaan.

Maamul iyo maarayn xumida.

Sidii aan kusoo sheegnay qaybtii hordhaca ahayd ee qormadanba, Geeska Africa waxaa kajirtay mudo dheer xasilooni daro siyaasadeed, taas oo sababtay arimo dhawr ah oo ay kamid yihiin kuwan soo socda:

o Nabadgalyo la,aan
o Aqoon yari iyo Masuuliyad xumo.
o Musuq maasuq
o Caddaalad dari
o Xukun maroorsi

Lixdaa qodob een kur kutaxay oo ay keentay xasilooni yarada guud ee kajirta G.Africa ayaan kusaleeyay markaan idhi 60% abaaraha waxaa ka masuul ah Maamulada iyo Xukuumadaha kajira G.Africa. Maxaa yeelay nabadgalyo la,aantu waxay keentay in aan lagu dhaqaaqi karin wax horumar ah haba yaraatee, waxaa kalooy sababtay in dadkii aqoonta lahaa ee dhibaatooyinka wax kaqaban lahaa ay isaga cararaan wadamadoodii ooy nabadgalyo uraadsanaan wadamada reer Galbeedka, daraasad dhawaan laga soo saaray dalka maraykanka ayaa lagu sheegay Dadka aqoon yahaniinta ah ee kasoo carara dadlkooda i uu ugu badan yahay Dalka Itoobiya, oo kamid ah Wadamada ugu saboolsan Caalamka. Sidoo kale aqoon yarida iyo musuq maasuqa ayaa sababay in aysan awood uyeelan in ay waxbadan wax kaqabtaa. Meesha uu xukun maroorsiga, Caddadla daridu ay yihiin aabaha dhalay Nabad galyo darida Gobolka kajirta.

1. Biyo La,aanta

G.Africa waxaa kajira Afar xili oo kala qaybsan oo laba xili oo kamid ah ay yihiin xili roobeedka (Gu iyo Dayr), waxaa sida qaalibka ah dhacda in aan maqalo meel hebla (X) waxaa kada,ay roobab waxaana kudhintay dad iyo duunyo badan guryana way qaadeen, mudo yar kadib isla meeshii nafteedii ayaad maqlaysaa waxaa kajira oon iyoo biyo la,aan ay dad iyo duunya badani udhamanayaan?

Waa arin mudan in layswaydiiyo, in ay meeshaasi kajirto roob yaraan iyo in ay kajirto Maarayn la,aan. Anigu waxaan qabaa in Gobolka G.Africa guud ahaan tii ay helaan Biyo kufilan hadii si (Sustainable) ah loo maareeyo, iyada oo la adeegsano qaabab dhawr oo cilmi ahaan loo ogaaday.

a) Biyaha roobka oo lagoosto ama laxajisto (Rainwater harvesting):

Biyaha ka imaanaya cirka ee laynaya dadka iyo duunyada waxaa waajib ah in si haboon loo maareeyo dadkana loo kaydiyo si ay u,isticmaalaan xiliga diraacda. Sidoo kale waxaa lagama maar maan ah in lahelo macluumaad (Data) kusaabsan isticmaalka biyaha iyo tirada dadka kunoo deegaanka (Water consumption and local population data), taas waxay sakhiraysaa in xili kufilan lasii ogaado dadku biyaha ay haystaan inta ay la,egyihiin, in ay kufilan yihiin iyo inkale.

b) Hagaajinta Biya qabateenka (Water chatchment improvement)

Dadka reer miyaga ah sida qaalibka xiliga roobka maysan kacabi jirin ceelasha ee waxay kacabi jireen Baliyada iyo Laasaska, taasi waxaad moodaa in ay hada hoos dhacday waxaana isleeyahay aragtidayda waloow aanan field ka tagin in ay uguu wacan tahay Baliyadii oo xabaalmay iyo Laagihii oo isbadalay taas oon cilmi ahaa uragan karo in ay xabaalmayaa (Sedimentaion) ka dartiis oo uu salka hoose ee biiya qabiteenku uu kor usoo kacayo.

c) Daryeelka Biya dhaca (Watershed Protection)

Waxaa inbadan dhacda in xaalufinta dhirta iyo isbadalka uu keeno Nabaad guurku darteed ay wax iska badalaan biyo mareenadii hore, iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay burburka kuyimid biyadhaca. Arintaasi waxay wax yeelo wayn ugaysanaysaa togagii iyo laagihii ay biyuhu soo mari jireen dadkuna ay laasaska kaqodan jireen iyo waliba dhul beereedkii.

2. Daaq yaraanta iyo Nabaad guurka

[2]Dadka G.Africa guud ahaan gaar ahaan kuwa Afka Somalliga kuhadla waxay 85 % ubadan yihiin dad reer miyi ah, guud ahaana dhaqaalaha dadku miyi iyo magaalaba wuxuu kuxidhan yahay xoolaha nool, sidaa darteed markii ay dhacdo abaar xooleed waxaa hubaal ah in ay iyana dhacayso abaar dadeed, waayo noloshooda ayaa isku xidhan.

Nabaad guurka

Nabaad guurka G.Africa kajira ayaa wuxuu yahay mid kusocda xaawli aad badan, oo hadii aan sida ugu dhaqsaha badan wax looga qaban keeni doona dabar go kuyimaada noole iyo manoole badan (biotic and abiotic) oo ay kutiirsan tahay nolosha dad baadan oo kunoo Gobolka. Nabaad guurkan ayaa waxaa keenay arimahan soo socda:

Jarida Dhirta (Deforestation)

Ř Dadka kunoo gobolka G.Africa waxay qiyaas ahaan 95% kahelaan tabarta ay wax kushitaan dhuxusha iyo xaabada, sidaa darteed daadku marna kaba baaqsanayaan shidida iyo Jarida Geedaha si ay uga dhigtaan Xaabo iyo Dhuxul.

Ř Waxaa iyana aad usoo badanaya dadaka reer miyiga ah ee usoo guuraya magaalooyinka, kuwaas oon haysanin dhaqaale ay kudhisan karaan guryo dhagax ah, sidaa darteed ayay markale soo jaraan geedihii si ay uga dhigtaan tiir iyo dhis.

Ř Dadka reer miyiga ah oo awalba dhaqan ulahaa in ay guur guuraan, ayaa waxaa hada sii batay geedigoodii, daaqa oo yaraaday darteed, kuwaas oo meeshay degaanba ka oota xero cusub iyaga oo soo jaraya dhir hore leh.

Ř Nadaam darada kadhalatay Dowlad la,aanta Somalia ayaa keentay in uu ruux walba kudhaqaaqo sidii uu qaybtiisa uga qaadan lahaa dhibaatada lagu hayo deegaanka, arintaas oo kusoo kordhisay Jarida dhirta barnaamij cusub aadna uqatar badan oo ah Dhoofinta Dhuxusha, barnaamijka dhoofinta dhuxusha ayaa kamid ah runtii waxyaabaha naxdinta leh ee kusii kordhaya dalka oo dhan gaar ahaan gobolada koonfureed Jubooyinkuba ha,ugu daraadeen. Waxayna ubaahan tahay talaabo Heer caalami ah.

Ř Wax soo saarka dhulbeereedka oo aad hoos ugu dhacay ama noqday mid laysagaba tagay (abandoned),Degradation ka kudhacay dartiis, ayay meeloo badan waxay bilaabeen dadku in ay dhul cusub baneeyaan oo ay dhirta kajaraan si ay mudo kooban utabcadaa (Slash and burn cultivation).

Shantaa qodob een kor kucalaamadeey ayaan odhan karaa waxay laf dhabar uyihiin Xaalufinta dhirta iyo nabaad guurka.

Xall (Solution)

1. Waxaa lamaga maar maan ah in si loo xaliyo dhibaatada 1aad iyo 2aad ee dadka haysta oo ah Tabarta iyo Dhismaha in lasameeyo (Dryland Forest Plantation) ay ujeedooyinkiisu badan yihiin (Multi-purpose community Forestry Plantation), waxaa jira dhir badan oo lagahelo G.Africa oo dhan (local species), kuwaas oo adkaysi uleh abaarta (Drought resistant Tree species), Sidhaqsa ah ubaxa (Fast growing tree species), nacfigooduna badan yahay (Multi-purpose tree species). Dhirtaas waxaa laga heli karaa, dhuxul, Xaabo, Dhis, Tiir, Malab, Xabag, Daaq, Midho, Daawo etc. Intaasi waa wax yaabaha tooska uga imaan kara. Waxay kalooy leeyihiin nacfi ama adeegyo kale ooy inoo qaban karaan; sida Daryeerlka Ciida iyo biyaha (Soil and Water Conservation), Hoos, iyo roobka ooy kordhin karaan etc.

2. waxaa kaloo lagama maar maan ah in dhulkii dhintay lasoo nooleeyo (Degraded land rehabilitation) si loo sameeyo isu dheeli tirnaan dabeecada ah (ecological balance), waayo hadii dhulkii banaanka ahaa uu xaalufo noole badan ayaa dabar go,aya oon kunoolaankarin buuraha.

3. In lasameeyo Waji cusub ama qaab cusub oo dhul beerasha ah, waayo dadku waxay qarniyaal badan soo tabcanayeen halmeel iyo halnooc oo dalag ah, taasi waxay keentay dhibaato iyo nafaqa guur kuyimid ciidii. Waxaa haboon in dadka labaro qaab cusub oo ah (intercroping and Agroforestry Practices), in ay dadku isku dhaxbeertaa noocya kala duwan oo dalag ah isla markaasna is qaadan kara, si hadii uu mid ka xumaado uu mid ugu baxsado. In isdoo kael labaro dadku in ay dhirta dabcadaan ooy dhaqaale kasoo saartaan.

4. Sharcigu waa waxa ugu muhiimsan ee kala haga bani aadamka, sidaa darteed in lasoo saaro sharci ay ansixiyaan xeerbeegtida deeganada hoose oo layidhaahdo SHARCIGA DEEGAANKA, waxaan u,arkaa in uu yahay xal lagama maar maan ah si loo soo afjaro dhibaatada dhoofinnta dhuxusha iyo xaalufinta deegaanka (Somalia xaalkeedu waa gooni waayo ninkii xoog leh baa dhuxusha dhoofiya).

Qorshaha Isticmaalka dhulka (Land-use planning)

Dhibaatooyinka kale ee kajira gobolka waxaa kamid ah qorsha la,aanta isticmaalka dhulka. Waayo waxaad arkaysaa reer miyigii o soo dhaxdagaya dhulbeereedkii, codgta kula tagaya ciidii iyo oo keenaya (soil erosion), ama diri dagkadhigaya (soil compaction). Waxaa sidoo kale iskuu qasmay dhulkii daaqa iyo kii biyaha, iyada oon ognahay lama degaanku in uu kabiloowdo meelaha biyahay laga cabo (water point) ayaa waxaa baryahan dambe soo kordhayay Ururo yar yar oo Samafal ah kuwaas oo isku dayaya in dadka kahaqb tiraan xaga biyaha laakiin nasiib xumo aan arintaan uwajihin si haboo iyaga oon qiimayn kusamaynin Cawaaqib xumada deegaan ee kadhalan karta wax qabad kooda (EIA Environmental Impact Assessment). Arintaasi waxay sii kordhinaysaa xaalufinta dhulka.

Dhibaatooyinka kusaabsan isticmaalka dhulka ee ay Hay,adahaasi keenan waxaa kamid ah dhiraynta oo kale, waxay sida qaalibka ah lakaashadaan khuburo shisheeya ah oon aqoon u,lahayn dabeecada dhulkeena oo ah mid aad unugul (Frangile ecosystem). Dhirta lakeenayo dhulka waxaa qasab ah lafiiriyo waxa ay kukeeni karto dhirta deegaanka kabaxda (Competibility) ga ay leeyihiin intuu la,eg yahay, in uu jiro cuduro isir laleh geedkaas oo wax yeelayn kara dhirta inteeda kale, tusaala ahaan Geedka ay Somallidu utaqaano geed yuhuudka cilmii ahaana loo yaqaano (Prosopis), waxaa lasheegaa asalkiisii hore G.Africa waxaa keenay GTZ iyo FINIDA, hada wuxuu qabsaday Geeska Africa oo dhan waayo wa geed aad (Dominant) u,ah, dabeecadihiisa waxaa kamid ah

In uu dhulka isku balaadhiyo oo uu ilayska udiido dhirta kale ee yar yar
In uu isagu is beero, oo marka ay abqadiisa ay xooluhu cunaan meelkasta ooy kuxaaraan in uu kasoo baxayo
In yahay Geed aad ugu adkaysi badan abaarta biyahana kala soo baxa ilaa iyo 80 mitir oo dhulka hoostiisa ah.

Gabagabo (Conclusion)

Xaalada mustaqbalka G.Africa waa mid aad uwalaac badan una baahan in si cilmiyaysan wax looga qabto.
Xaalada Abaaruhu waxay ahaanayaan kuwo sii socda hadii aan qaab horu marin ah loo wajicin
Barnaamijka Gargaarka degdega ah ee loofidiyo wadamada G.Africa ma,ah xal wax kaqab kara mustaqbalka dhaw iyo kan fog midna, hadii aan gobolka loo samaynin Marshal plan dheer.
Shucuubta gobolka kunool iyada ayaa iska saari karta mashaqada haysata, laakiin gargaarka Caalamku waa uun mindi laba afleh, marna way kudib ridayaan oo waad isku halayn marna in ay kubad baadiyaan ayaa laga yaabaa.
Waxaa lagama maar maan ah in aqoon yahanada gobolka udhashay ay isugu yimadaan shir heer gobol ah ooy kaga wada arinsanayaan sidii dadka iyo deeganka loo bad baadin lahaa.
In shacabka Somalidu ay udagaalamaann sidii ay isaga xorayn lahaayeen qaawlaysata haysata ee ay uxidh xidhan yihiin 15 ka sanadood.
In ay beesha caalamku saaraan Caddaadis dheeraad ah xukuumadaha G.Africa ee kuhaysta xukunka xooga shacabka baday Gaajo, barakac, Xabsi iyo dilka.

Raad raac (References)

Map: http://www.reliefweb.int/mapc/afr_ne/reg/afrhorn2000.html

Data: CIA World Fact Sheet
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/as.html

Global Security Sudan Civil war
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/sudan-civil-war1.htm

Su,aalaha lagawada munaaqashoon karo (Questions for Discussion)

- Hadii ay maanta geeska arica kunool yihiin dad dhan 187.97 million oo ruux, isla markaasna ay macaluul lawada ildaran yihiin, waxay noqonn doontaa xaaladooda 27 sano kadib markay noqdaan 375.94 million oo ruux.
- Xaalada Caafimaad
- Waxbarasho
- Deegaan
- Dhaqaale

Aad baad ugu mahadsan tahay in aad qoraalkan akhriday.

[1] W.G.A= Wadamada Geeska Africa

[2] UNCCD= United Nation Convention to Combat desertification