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TAARIIKHDA WAR-ISGAARSIINTA

Qaybtii 9-aad

 


W.Q. C/fataax M. Cabdulle
abdulfatah@yahoo.com


Aaladda Fakiska:::

Aaladda fakisku waa farsamo muuqaal ahaan loogu tebiyo xog muuqaal ah (qoraal ama sawir). Aaladdu waxa ay xogta raacisaa ama ay kasoo qaadaa khadka taleefoonka ee caadiga ah (via telephone line). Mashiinka Fakiska ayaa marka hore baaq-geliya (encode) dukumiintiga la dirayo, kadibna u tebiya aalad kale oo xogta ku sameeya baaq-furid (decode) iyo daabicid (print). Aaladda Fakiska waxa ay dhinaca adeegsiga kala mid tahay aaladda taleefoonka. Marka hore waxaa la garaacaa lambarka aaladda warka loo dirayo, kaddib marka uu khadka taleefoonku furmo ayaa xogta (warqad ama sawir) aaladda la geliyaa oo la diraa. Hawsha dawintu marka ay dhammaato, waxa ay aaladdu sida badan soo saartaa war-celin ku saabsan natiijadii xog-tebinta. Isgaarsiinta noocan ah ee isku-waqti dhex maraysa labada aaladadood waxaa loo yaqaan isgaarsiin isku-mar dhacda (Point-to-point Communication).

Hab-samayska Aaladda Fakiska:

Aaladda fakisku waxa ay u samaysan tahay hab u’eg nidaamka uu kumbiyuutarku ku shaqeeyo. Fakisku dheeg-danabeed (scan) ayuu ka qaadaa qoraal ama sawir. Dheeg-danabeedkaa waxaa qaada nal aad u iftiin badan (light beam) oo kolba bar (spot) aad u yar akhrinaya. Barta uu akhrinayo haddii ay iftiin (light) tahay wuxuu siiyaa lambar “0”, haddii ay mugdi (dark) tahayna wuxuu siiyaa lambar “1”; dabadeedna wuxuu u beddelaa taxane dhibco-xarriiqmeed ah (grid), oo ay dhibic kastaa u taagan tahay “ON” ama “OFF”. Xagga xeer-danabeedka, dhibic kastaa waxa ay ka dhigan tahay qurub (bit) la mid ah EBER “O” (off), ama KOW “1” (on), waxana loo yaqaan maab-qurubeed (bit-map). Habka dhanbaal-qabadka ayaa qurubyadii EBER “0”, iyo KOW “1” baaq-fura (decode), una beddela dhibco-xarriiqmeed. Dabadeedna mashiinku wuxuu daabacaa dheeg-danabeedkii khadka taleefoonka loogu soo dawiyey.

Hindisaha Fakiska iyo heerarkii uu soo maray:

Isgaarsiinta qalabka fakiska ee waayirrada ku shaqeeya waxaa markii ugu horreysay hindisay makaanikyahan Iskootish (Scottish) ah oo magaciisa la dhaho Alexander Bain. Hindisihiisa waxuu ku qaatay leysin (patent) ay siisay dowladdii Ingiriisku, horraantii sannadkii 1843-kii. Leysinkaa waxa uu ku muteystay curinta aaladda fakiska iyo sidoo kale hagaajinta, soosaarista, iyo nidaam u dejinta qul-qul danabeedka, iyo daabacaad-gelinta dhanbaallada fakiska. Aaladda fakisku waxa ay soo if-baxday toddoba sano kaddib markii la helay aaladdii telegraafka ee uu hindisay Samuel Morse. Waxaa xusid mudan in aragtidii Mr. Bain uu ku cabbiray curinta mashiinkii ugu horreeyey ee fakiska ay weli aasaas u tahay farsamaynta fakisyada casriga ah.

Sannadkii 1902-kii, fisikisyahan Jarmal ah oo magaciisa la dhaho Arthur Korn ayaa sawirro muuqaal ah isugu gudbiyey laba aaladood oo fakis ah, isaga oo adeegsanaya khadka taleefoonka. Hase ahaatee, aasaaska mashiinnada fakisyada casriga ah ma aysan soo if-bixin ilaa sannadkii 1925. Markaas oo ikhtiraace Faransiis ah oo magaciisa la dhaho Edouard Beeline uu soo saaray aalad fakis ah oo uu magaceeda u bixiyey Belinograph. Aaladdaasi waxay adeegsaneysay ilays aad u iftiin badan (light beams) iyo unug sawir-danabeed (photoelectric cell) si ay jiritaanka ama maqnaanshaha iftiinka, (iftiin = “0”, mugdi = “1”) ugu beddesho gujooyin danabeed (electrical impulses). Durbadiiba, shirkadaha soo saara wargeysyada ayaa u bogay farsamadaas, waxayna isugu tebin jireen sawirrada iyaga oo kala jooga meelo aad u kala fog.

Sannadkii 1966-kii ayaa shirkadda Xerox waxay billowday soosaarista mashiinno fakis oo si toos ah loogu xiri karay khadka taleefoonka. Sannidihii xigay na, shirkado kale oo badan baa soo saaray mashiinnada fakiska. Mashiin walbaa waa uu ka culeys yaraa, kana raqiisnaa, xagga adeegsigana ka sahlanaa kii ka horreyey. dabayaaqadii kun sagaal boqol iyo sideedanaadkii (1980s) adeegsiga aaladda fakiska caan ayay ka noqotay adduunka oo dhan.

Sannadkii 1934-kii ayaa shirkadda Associated Press  waxay bilowday in ay si joogto ah u adeegsato habka sawir danab ku gudbinta. Sannadkii 1964-kii, shirkadda Xerox ayaa iyaduna soo ban-dhigtay habka danab sawir ku dudbinta ee masaafada fog (Long Distance Xerography).

In muddo ah, mashiinnada fakisku waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u culus oo xajmi weyn, qaali ah, adeegsigooduna uu dhib badan yahay. Hase ahaatee, sannadkii 1966-kii ayaa shirkadda Xerox soo ban-dhigtay mashiinno yar-yar oo culeyskoodu le’eg yahay 17 kg, adeegsigooduna uu fudud yahay, oo loo bixiyey Magnafax Telecopier.

Dabayaaqadii kun sagaal boqol iyo toddobaatanaadkii (1970s), shirkado cusub oo firfircoon oo dalka Japan laga leeyahay baa kusoo biiray suuqa soo saarista mashiinnada fakiska. Durbadiina, waxa ay soo saareen mashiinno raqiis ah, tayadooduna ay heer sare tahay.

…La soco qaybta 10-aad ee TAXANAHA TAARIIKHDA WAR-ISGAARSIINTA, Alle idankiis.  

Aad baan usoo dhaweynayaa fikradaha akhristayaasha. Wixi talo iyo turxaan bixin ah waxaan codsanayaa in e-mail la iigu soo diro. 

W.Q. C/fataax M. Cabdulle

Ottawa, On. Canada
abdulfatah@yahoo.com

Faafin: SomaliTalk.com | April 15, 2006

Tixraac:

-                      Early Electronic Communication: E. A. Marland; Abelard-Schuman Ltd. New York, 1964.

-                      Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005.

-                      http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/fax-machine1.htm

-                      http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfax.htm

-                      SAWIRRADA: www.google.com & Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia.


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