TAARIIKHDA WAR-ISGAARSIINTA
Qaybtii 9-aad
W.Q. C/fataax M. Cabdulle
abdulfatah@yahoo.com
Aaladda
Fakiska:::
Aaladda
fakisku waa farsamo muuqaal ahaan loogu tebiyo xog muuqaal ah (qoraal ama
sawir). Aaladdu waxa ay xogta raacisaa ama ay kasoo qaadaa khadka
taleefoonka ee caadiga ah (via telephone line).
Mashiinka Fakiska ayaa marka hore baaq-geliya (encode)
dukumiintiga la dirayo, kadibna u tebiya aalad kale oo xogta ku sameeya
baaq-furid (decode) iyo daabicid (print).
Aaladda Fakiska waxa ay dhinaca adeegsiga kala mid tahay aaladda taleefoonka.
Marka hore waxaa la garaacaa lambarka aaladda warka loo dirayo, kaddib marka
uu khadka taleefoonku furmo ayaa xogta (warqad ama sawir) aaladda la geliyaa
oo la diraa. Hawsha dawintu marka ay dhammaato, waxa ay aaladdu sida badan
soo saartaa war-celin ku saabsan natiijadii xog-tebinta. Isgaarsiinta noocan
ah ee isku-waqti dhex maraysa labada aaladadood waxaa loo yaqaan isgaarsiin
isku-mar dhacda (Point-to-point Communication).
Hab-samayska Aaladda Fakiska:
Aaladda fakisku waxa ay u samaysan tahay hab ueg nidaamka uu
kumbiyuutarku ku shaqeeyo. Fakisku dheeg-danabeed (scan)
ayuu ka qaadaa qoraal ama sawir. Dheeg-danabeedkaa waxaa qaada nal aad u
iftiin badan (light beam) oo kolba bar (spot)
aad u yar akhrinaya. Barta uu akhrinayo haddii ay iftiin (light)
tahay wuxuu siiyaa lambar 0, haddii ay mugdi (dark)
tahayna wuxuu siiyaa lambar 1; dabadeedna wuxuu u beddelaa taxane
dhibco-xarriiqmeed ah (grid), oo ay dhibic
kastaa u taagan tahay ON ama OFF.
Xagga xeer-danabeedka, dhibic kastaa waxa ay ka dhigan tahay qurub (bit)
la mid ah EBER O (off), ama KOW 1
(on), waxana loo yaqaan maab-qurubeed (bit-map).
Habka dhanbaal-qabadka ayaa qurubyadii EBER 0, iyo KOW 1
baaq-fura (decode), una beddela
dhibco-xarriiqmeed. Dabadeedna mashiinku wuxuu daabacaa dheeg-danabeedkii
khadka taleefoonka loogu soo dawiyey.
Hindisaha Fakiska iyo heerarkii uu soo maray:
Isgaarsiinta
qalabka fakiska ee waayirrada ku shaqeeya waxaa markii ugu horreysay
hindisay makaanikyahan Iskootish (Scottish)
ah oo magaciisa la dhaho
Alexander Bain.
Hindisihiisa waxuu ku qaatay leysin (patent)
ay siisay dowladdii Ingiriisku, horraantii sannadkii 1843-kii. Leysinkaa
waxa uu ku muteystay curinta aaladda fakiska iyo sidoo kale hagaajinta,
soosaarista, iyo nidaam u dejinta qul-qul danabeedka, iyo daabacaad-gelinta
dhanbaallada fakiska. Aaladda fakisku waxa ay soo if-baxday toddoba sano
kaddib markii la helay aaladdii telegraafka ee uu hindisay
Samuel Morse. Waxaa xusid mudan in aragtidii
Mr. Bain
uu ku cabbiray curinta mashiinkii ugu horreeyey ee fakiska ay weli
aasaas u tahay farsamaynta fakisyada casriga ah.
Sannadkii 1902-kii, fisikisyahan Jarmal ah oo magaciisa la
dhaho Arthur Korn ayaa sawirro muuqaal ah
isugu gudbiyey laba aaladood oo fakis ah, isaga oo adeegsanaya khadka
taleefoonka. Hase ahaatee, aasaaska mashiinnada fakisyada casriga ah ma
aysan soo if-bixin ilaa sannadkii 1925. Markaas oo ikhtiraace Faransiis ah
oo magaciisa la dhaho Edouard Beeline uu soo
saaray aalad fakis ah oo uu magaceeda u bixiyey
Belinograph. Aaladdaasi waxay adeegsaneysay ilays aad u iftiin badan
(light beams) iyo unug sawir-danabeed (photoelectric
cell) si ay jiritaanka ama maqnaanshaha iftiinka,
(iftiin = 0, mugdi = 1) ugu beddesho
gujooyin danabeed (electrical impulses).
Durbadiiba, shirkadaha soo saara wargeysyada ayaa u bogay farsamadaas,
waxayna isugu tebin jireen sawirrada iyaga oo kala jooga meelo aad u kala
fog.
Sannadkii 1966-kii ayaa shirkadda
Xerox waxay billowday soosaarista mashiinno fakis oo si toos ah loogu
xiri karay khadka taleefoonka. Sannidihii xigay na, shirkado kale oo badan
baa soo saaray mashiinnada fakiska. Mashiin walbaa waa uu ka culeys yaraa,
kana raqiisnaa, xagga adeegsigana ka sahlanaa kii ka horreyey. dabayaaqadii
kun sagaal boqol iyo sideedanaadkii (1980s) adeegsiga aaladda fakiska caan
ayay ka noqotay adduunka oo dhan.
Sannadkii
1934-kii ayaa shirkadda
Associated Press
waxay bilowday in ay si joogto ah u adeegsato habka sawir danab ku gudbinta.
Sannadkii 1964-kii, shirkadda
Xerox
ayaa iyaduna soo ban-dhigtay
habka danab sawir ku dudbinta ee masaafada fog (Long
Distance Xerography).
In
muddo ah, mashiinnada fakisku waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u culus oo xajmi weyn,
qaali ah, adeegsigooduna uu dhib badan yahay. Hase ahaatee, sannadkii
1966-kii ayaa shirkadda
Xerox
soo ban-dhigtay mashiinno yar-yar oo culeyskoodu leeg yahay 17 kg,
adeegsigooduna uu fudud yahay, oo loo bixiyey
Magnafax Telecopier.
Dabayaaqadii kun sagaal
boqol iyo toddobaatanaadkii (1970s), shirkado cusub oo firfircoon oo dalka
Japan laga leeyahay baa kusoo biiray suuqa soo saarista mashiinnada fakiska.
Durbadiina, waxa ay soo saareen mashiinno raqiis ah, tayadooduna ay heer
sare tahay.
La
soco qaybta 10-aad ee TAXANAHA TAARIIKHDA
WAR-ISGAARSIINTA, Alle idankiis.
Aad
baan usoo dhaweynayaa fikradaha akhristayaasha. Wixi talo iyo turxaan bixin
ah waxaan codsanayaa in e-mail la iigu soo diro.
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